Here's my take on things (being a newb to Starmada as well):
BEAM WEAPONS
Gravity Beams: Long range (15-18 ) Ignores shields, Extra Hull Damage
Ion Cannons: Medium Range. (9-12) Extra Crew Casulties
Particle Beams: Medium Range (9-12) Halves Shields, Continuous
Laser Cannons: All Ranges, Repeating
Fusion Cannons: Short Range (9 and less) Extra Hull Damage, Halves Shields.
"BALLISTIC" WEAPONS
Rail Guns: Medium to long range (15 or less), Extra Hull Damage (Think big ship sized rifles). To hit is typically 4+ minimum given the nature of projectile weapons travel time vs. "instantaneous" light/particle based weapons.
Mass Drivers: Short Short Range (6 or less) Doubled Range Modifiers (think big ship sized shotguns) Also 4+ minimum to hit.
That's how things are done in the "universe" that myself and some other guys at the FLGS play in. I admit, things are fairly regimented as far as what weapons are allowed what modifiers. It started out as just an idea that was tossed out so that there was some continuity to the "universe" weapons systems and it kind of got out of control from there. We don't even call Drones "Drones" they are Anti-ship missiles of Hunter-Killer Missiles.
We also don't use hyperdrives, our star to star transit it done via warp points so that frees up a lot of space to boost weapons abilities.